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Many e-commerce retailers are adding “bricks to clicks” - that is, opening an offline channel in addition to their digital sales channel(s). Taking the perspective of such an online pure player, this research assesses the effects of offline channel additions on the financial performance (e.g., sales, profits) and customer behavior (e.g., basket size, return rate) in the extended channel network as well as the initial online channel of the retailer. Across two studies, one at the zip code level and the other at the customer level, we find that the channel addition of a fashion and lifestyle retailer is synergistic in terms of increasing not only overall sales but also profits. At the same time, the new offline channel does not significantly cannibalize the existing online shop, as new customers are attracted through the channel addition. The effects of channel additions, however, are influenced by characteristics of customers gained before the channel addition and of the trade area around the newly opened stores: among existing customers, those who bought more in the online channel do not react as positively to the addition of an offline channel, and trade areas with socioeconomic characteristics that are often viewed as disadvantageous for digital retailing (e.g., an older population, lower average income) show a stronger positive sales effect of a brick-and-mortar addition. The attractiveness of the offline channel for these customer segments highlights that adding bricks to clicks might be most attractive for those customers who were previously unwilling to purchase from an online-only retailer.
Der Beitrag untersucht demographische Unterschiede in der Wahrnehmung einzelner Leistungsmerkmale der Abfallabholung. Dazu wurde eine Haushaltsbefragung angelehnt an den European Customer Satisfaction Index (ECSI) durchgeführt. Angewendet wurden eine Faktorenanalyse sowie Regressionsmodelle. Es zeigte sich, dass bei den Merkmalen Alter und Geschlecht durchweg signifikante Unterschiede bestehen: Jüngere, männliche Personen waren durchweg zufriedener mit der Abfallabholung als ältere, weibliche. Die Erkenntnisse ermöglichen die Betrachtung verschiedener Einzeldimensionen sowie der Gesamtzufriedenheit mit der Abfallabholung. Insofern entsteht mehr Entscheidungssicherheit für zukünftige Investitionen in unterschiedliche demografische Zielgruppen.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to review the development of the German advertising industry starting from 1950 to 2018 with a special focus on the American influence.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper uses the oral history methodology. The content is based on 27 semi-structured interviews with current and former experts from the German and American advertising industry. An analysis of secondary sources supports the line of argumentation.
Findings
The paper confirms the outstanding role of the American influence on the German advertising industry, owing to new standards of professionalism, to novel versions of terminology and to the introduction of the theory of marketing. However, incompatible management styles, increasing global competition and financial pressure diminished the impact. Likewise, the American interference did not suppress the development of specific German industry characteristics such as a strong entrepreneurial culture or sustainable leadership.
Originality/value
This paper provides an overview of the history of German advertising with a focus on advertising agencies in the period from 1950 to today (2018). Further, this paper assesses the special impact of the American influence on the German advertising industry. Further, subjects of investigation are particularities of the German advertising industry, such as special attributes of agency leaders and their relationship with clients, distinct versions of ownership structures, agency service offerings and, finally, the role of creativity.