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Identities in transition
(2023)
This paper studies the identity transitions of East German audit recruits during the fundamental ideological, economic, and societal change brought about by the reunification of Germany in 1990. Integrating the identity work literature with key concepts from Pierre Bourdieu and Erving Goffman, we build on semi-structured interviews with two groups of recruits—university graduates and former state auditors—to explore and theorize the marked differences observed in these recruits' transition processes. In line with wider processes of territorial stigmatization, we argue that the West German audit firms pragmatically instrumentalized their local personnel, seeking to deploy them without intending to integrate them into the profession. In turn, the audit recruits met with this exertion of symbolic violence by managing a ‘spoiled identity’. The university graduates found it easier to recognize and accumulate legitimate forms of capital, thereby submitting themselves to the inculcation of the profession's socialization process, which ultimately yielded their institution into the profession. In contrast, the former state auditors' local knowledge and access to client networks provided immediately useful capital to the West German firms, which, however, sought to retain a status differential vis-à-vis these recruits. As a result of such strategies of condescension, the former state auditors maintained key aspects of their identity as a salient part of their self-conception. We further highlight the role of the local audit offices in the recruits' transition processes, as they evolved from flexible spaces, which allowed for experimentation and improvisation, into more structured units. This process embedded professional values and practices, thereby creating localized office identities.
Commenting on our study of a German university under the Nazi regime, Fülbier (2021) outlines a research agenda on the manifold ways in which the Nazi doctrine affected institutions of higher education, going beyond the scope of our original article (Detzen and Hoffmann 2020). With this reply, we seek to complement his commentary, by reflecting on methodological considerations emanating from such an agenda. We discuss (i) historical case-based research, (ii) questions of ontology and epistemology in interpretive accounting research, and (iii) the notion of what constitutes accounting in a specific research context. We hope that our reply, along with Fülbier’s (2021) commentary, inspires further research on accounting’s role in totalitarian regimes.
This article studies accountability demands at an educational institution following extreme changes of societal conditions, as observed in Nazi Germany (1933–1945). We refer to the Handelshochschule Leipzig founded as the first free-standing business school in Germany to show how the Nazi doctrine made its way into this university, affecting academics on both the organizational and the individual levels. As political accountability became a dominant governance instrument, most academics submitted to this new accountability regime. They became subjects of accountability, who can only be understood by the norms that were imposed on them. The change in accountability demands created considerable challenges for individuals, and, ex post, it may be impossible to ascertain their moral attitudes and how they attempted to cope with ensuing ethical dilemmas.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to study how two accounting professors at a German university dealt with their denazification, a process carried out by the Allied Forces following the Second World War to free German society from Nazi ideology. It is argued that the professors carried a stigma due to their affiliation with a university that had been aligned with the Nazi state apparatus.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper uses Goffman’s work on “Stigma” (1963/1986) and “Frame Analysis” (1974/1986) to explore how the professors aimed to dismiss any link with the Nazi regime. Primary sources from the university archives were accessed with a particular focus on the professors’ post-war justification accounts.
Findings
The paper shows how the professors created a particular frame, which they supported by downplaying frame breaks, primarily their Nazi party memberships. Instead, they were preoccupied with what Goffman (1974/1986) terms “the vulnerability of experience,” exploiting that their past behavior requires context and is thus open to interpretation. The professors themselves provide this guidance to readers, which is a strategy that we call “authoring” of past information.
Originality/value
The paper shows how “counter accounts” can be constructed by assigning roles and powers to characters therein and by providing context and interpreting behavior on behalf of the readers. It is suggested that this “authoring” of past information is successful only on the surface. A closer examination unveils ambiguity, making this strategy risky and fragile.
This article discusses the effect of deferred tax liabilities (DTLs) on an impairment test of goodwill. While IAS 12.66 acknowledges that DTLs arising in a business combination influence the amount of goodwill an entity recognises, International Financial Reporting Standards are silent on the implications of this rule, in particular that DTLs trigger a ‘day one’ impairment of goodwill. To avoid this impairment charge, the professional literature suggests deducting DTLs from the carrying amount of the cash generating unit. This method appears contentious conceptually and is unable to shield the entity from an impairment in subsequent periods. The article discusses four proposed solutions to the problem, but recommends a conceptual re-think of the mechanical recognition of deferred taxes in a business combination.
This case originated from a real-life business situation and illustrates the application of impairment tests in accordance with IFRS and US GAAP. In the first part of the case study, students examine conceptual questions of impairment tests under IFRS and US GAAP with respect to applicable accounting standards, definitions, value concepts and frequency of application. In addition, the case encourages students to discuss the impairment regime from an economic point of view. The second part of the instructional resource continues to provide instructors with the flexibility of applying US GAAP and/or IFRS when students are asked to test a long-lived asset for impairment and, if necessary, allocate any potential impairment. This latter part demonstrates that impairment tests require professional judgment that students are to exercise in the case.
Die bilanzielle Abbildung von Unternehmenszusammenschlüssen nach IFRS 3 stellt Erwerber regelmäßig vor große Herausforderungen. Der dabei maßgebliche beizulegende Zeitwert steht im Spannungsfeld zwischen Relevanz und glaubwürdiger Darstellung und ein nach IFRS bilanzierender Erwerber ist angehalten, die Verlässlichkeit der Kaufpreisallokation zu überprüfen. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt theoretisch sowie anhand eines Fallbeispiels Plausibilisierungsmöglichkeiten vor, mittels derer die Ergebnisse eines Unternehmenserwerbs überprüft werden können. Dabei gelangen sowohl eine Analyse der internen Verzinsung (IRR) als auch eine Untersuchung der gewichteten vermögenswertspezifischen Zinssätze (WARA) zur Anwendung.
This article examines the regulatory history of asset valuation in Germany from the fifteenth century to the implementation of the European Economic Community’s Fourth Directive in 1986. Aiming to explain regulatory changes by reference to preceding socio-economic and political developments, we find that accounting requirements often became more restrictive following economic crises, after which regulation was perceived to be inadequate. In the nineteenth century, fair valuation replaced the early practice of historical cost accounting. Following a severe economic crisis in the 1870s, historical costs were reintroduced as an upper valuation boundary for Aktiengesellschaften (stock companies). However, the requirements were unspecific and discretionary and provoked a lively debate on principles-based accounting after 1900. The interwar years and the Great Depression encouraged the Government also to implement historical cost as a lower boundary to asset valuation. Following the Second World War, the valuation principle was extended to all company forms.
This instructional resource familiarizes students with the accounting for business combinations under IFRS 3 and illustrates the uncertainty and professional judgment iolved in asset valuation and consolidation. First, students need to assess the quality of information generated under IFRS 3 and fair value accounting. Second, they are asked to account for a business combination by identifying possible input parameters to measure several intangible assets and a contingent liability. Based on their valuation results, they compute the amount of goodwill recognized on the acquisition and assess the effects of their parameter choices on the values of different assets and liabilities. As an optional third task, the case asks students to consolidate the financial statements and evaluate the impact of the acquisition on the financial position of the acquirer.
This cumulative dissertation covers the conceptual foundations and historical evolution of various aspects in accounting. The first article discusses the conceptual framework of the U.S. standard setter FASB and shows that the evolution of the U.S. GAAP conceptual framework in the 1970s and 1980s was considerably influenced by economic factors. The second manuscript employs a conditional-normative approach to analyze the 2010 joint conceptual framework of the international and the U.S. standard setter, in particular the qualitative characteristics of useful financial information. The paper shows that the qualitative characteristics are not a sufficient basis for developing accounting standards. The third article focuses on the regulatory history of asset valuation in Germany and explains regulatory changes by socio-economic and political events. The fourth and final article contains a historical-critical analysis of the concept of accountability, which forms the basis of accounting. The article analyzes accountability at a German university during the Nazi regime and illustrates the limits of the concept.
This paper analyzes the benefits of a pre-deal purchasing price allocation (pre-deal PPA), which acquirers have come to integrate into an acquisition process to examine the effects of a potential acquisition on the acquirer’s financial statements. The authors take a management perspective and iestigate if the tool improves the comprehensiveness and quality of acquisition decisions. Based on an exploratory analysis using the results of semi-structured interviews with 24 accounting professionals from 19 Germany-based companies, the authors conduct a qualitative content analysis to identify the method’s benefits in the context of friendly acquisitions. The results suggest that, subject to cost-benefit considerations, a pre-deal PPA increases decision quality and leads to more comprehensive acquisition decisions. Furthermore, the paper proposes several best practice approaches to improve the implementation of a pre-deal PPA.
Der Beitrag diskutiert die schon in 2003 vom DCGK bestimmte und im Zuge des VorstAG in 2009 ins Aktiengesetz eingegangene Regelung der Begrenzung variabler Vergütungsbestandteile. Anhand einer Untersuchung von europäischen Unternehmensübernahmen wird gezeigt, dass eine unbegrenzte variable Kurzfristvergütung mit der Bilanzierung eines höheren Geschäfts- oder Firmenwerts einhergeht. In auf die Übernahme folgenden Jahren impliziert dies ein höheres Impairmentrisiko. Im Ergebnis kann die kürzlich im AktG verankerte Bestimmung des VorstAG somit unterstützt werden.
Based on principal agent theory we posit that managers account for a business combination opportunistically by recognizing goodwill in excess of its economic determinants. We examine the relationship between CEOs’ short-term cash bonuses and the amount of goodwill recognized in IFRS acquisitions. We find that with increasing cash bonus intensity managers recognize more goodwill. More detailed analysis indicates that this relationship is not a linear one. Instead, there seems to be a corridor in which CEOs are susceptible to the incentive given by bonus payments. In particular, the relationship seems to be fulfilled only for CEOs whose cash bonus is between 150% and 200% of their base salary prior to the acquisition. Our findings have an implication for companies that bonus caps should be introduced to limit CEOs’ bonuses to a given percentage of their base salary. By doing so, they may re-align shareholders’ and managers’ interests and avoid an increased impairment risk in the future.
Rückstellungen
(2011)
As a consequence of accounting scandals, Germany - like many other countries - set up a supervisory body to control the compliance of listed companies with accounting regulations. The Financial Reporting Enforcement Panel (FREP) assumed their duty in July 2005 and has forced a number of companies to restate their financial statements. This case study covers one of the cases of FREP and iites students to reflect on the enforcement of financial reporting standards. Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co KGaA entered a sponsoring contract with the sports equipment provider Nike, Inc and recognized parts of the yearly payments as soon as they had signed the contract. The FREP criticized this approach as the payments should have been recognized proportionately over the life of the contract. By examining the substance of the contract and the corrections made by the company, the case reviews both revenuerecognition under IAS 18 and error correction according to IAS 8. _x000D_ Available via the <link http://www.thecasecentre.org/educators/ _blank external-link-new-window "Opens external link in new window">Case Centre</link>.