Chair of Innovation Management and Entrepreneurship
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Les niches technologiques
(2023)
How can Business Schools create and appropriate value in university-based technological innovation?
(2023)
Discussion in the scholarly literature about partnerships between entrepreneurs and universities for the creation of technological spinouts, and for helping universities to extract more value from their technology-related intellectual property (IP), is lively. However, the literature exhibits a gap in understanding how business schools may participate in the process of technology commercialization by facilitating the creation of intellectual property rights. In this conceptual paper, we seek to fill this gap in three ways. First, we offer some novel conceptual insights by studying the partnership between technical universities and entrepreneurs using a multi-level approach, incorporating a phenomenological research method, through the lenses of several established theoretical perspectives from the domains of economics, social science, and management: the division of labor, motivation, the nature of the firm, organization, and IP. Second, we develop a working hypothesis focused on learning reinforcement through multiple organizational levels that predicts how business schools may play a prominent role in technology commercialization, together with the theoretical conditions under which they may do so. Third, we offer an IP management model under which business schools, as such, may create and appropriate financial value by generating innovation-related IP that may be transferred to enterprises. Our research reveals a misalignment between promising approaches to university-based technological innovation suggested by normative theory and typical approaches associated with extant practice; and it also highlights a strategic issue, which is that the performance of most universities in the domain of technology transfer is disappointing. We suggest a way to address this misalignment, and this strategic issue, which is through the establishment of what we label as "Technology Innovation Laboratories" in business schools-analogous to technical laboratories usually associated with technical universities-that could generate various types of product- or service-related IP. This type of intellectual property-typically different from invention IP, and which we label here as "business IP"-could be exchanged for equity in spinouts or royalties from licensing, similar to the manner in which the invention IP of technical universities is usually commercialized.
Innovation-focused co-creation between companies and individual external contributors is accompanied by the challenge of managing intellectual property (IP). The existing literature presents scattered evidence of various elements of the arrangements adopted by companies to manage their IP (such as a high or low degree of IP control, monetary or non-monetary compensation, non-disclosure agreements, additional agreements and the waiver option) in different co-creation settings (including crowdsourcing contests, virtual communities, single expert sessions and lead user workshops). However, the existing literature exhibits little understanding of how particular IP arrangements influence co-creation project performance in specific settings. Drawing upon contingency theory and configurational theory, we provide a framework that explains both the effectiveness of different IP configurations and the moderating role that co-creation settings may have on the relationship between IP arrangements and project performance. By the means of fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) on a sample of 116 co-creation projects, we determine the impact of various IP arrangements on project performance in different co-creation settings, and we show how this effect differs across those settings. Our study also demonstrates that IP matters for success in co-creation, while highlighting the interdependence of multiple elements of IP arrangements and their joint influence on co-creation project performance. Our study thus fills the gap in the literature where previous research failed to embrace the context-dependent and multidimensional effect of IP arrangements on co-creation project performance. Additionally, this study offers best-practice guidelines for managers for designing IP arrangements to meet the specific characteristics of their co-creation projects and to ensure their success.
In this work we elucidate international trends in the field of quantum technology (QT) by analysing a global patent database built from an operational definition of QT that was generated through the curated application of artificial intelligence (AI). In doing so, we demonstrate how the sophisticated use of intellectual property information, enhanced by the artful deployment of AI techniques, may produce more reliable and useful revelations for policymakers and managers about global innovation in emerging fields of technology than is possible through conventional methods of data collection and analysis. We also demonstrate the utility of this approach for reliably characterising the evolving constituent sub-fields of QT. By adopting a hybrid human-AI approach to both the definition and the analysis of QT, we have produced some novel insights about global innovation and national organisational profiles in the QT field, particularly concerning dynamic competition between the USA and China.
Herausforderungen annehmen
(2022)
“Technological innovation” has become a catch phrase of contemporary policy making for governments, corporations and academic organizations. For many it has become an article of faith that technological innovation is the key to solving economic, social and environmental problems, but the formula for success is not obvious. The phrase “science and technology” rolls off the tongues of policy makers, managers and researchers spontaneously, as if this is the natural order of things, but why is the converse phrase “technology and science” so rarely encountered? The orthodox view appears to be that technology is applied science, or that technological change flows naturally from scientific progress. However, what if popular preconceptions about the relationship between science and technology are misplaced? This paper addresses the question of the fundamental relationship between technology and science by first reviewing pertinent literature from the field of science, technology and society (STS) studies and by then investigating empirically the nature of the relationship in the field of energy conversion technology. It draws policy-making implications for investment in technology and science. We propose the theory of technology-conditioned science as a plausible and credible counterweight to extant commonplace presumptions that science is the precursor of technology.
We utilized an AI-enhanced patent search tool and demonstrated its applicability to an emerging technological field where searches relying upon CPC codes and keywords may generate high numbers of false positives. We have chosen quantum technology as the technical domain for this study because it contains various sub-fields of technology that cannot be neatly classified within CPC classes. To demonstrate the power of our AI-enhanced approach we produced insights from the dataset generated by the AI tool to analyze the distribution of international technical knowledge and the relative positions of global competitors in the patent landscape of quantum technology.
In this paper, we compare the role of outward-bound international patenting in “reverse innovation” and in conventional international modes of innovation. Through analysis of panel data from 148 countries over 18 years, we reveal that, while all countries may in principle appropriate economic benefits from endogenous technological innovation by increasing their level of outward-bound international patenting, the ability of a country to do so may be hampered by the pre-existing level of its economy. We classify countries in to four strategic innovation quadrants—Inventors, Innovators, Traders, and Slow Movers—based on the relative change over time in their competitiveness in international patenting and their per capita wealth. The mix of wealthy countries and less wealthy countries varies greatly between quadrants, with the wealthy countries dominating the Innovators quadrant and the less wealthy countries exhibiting inertia in translating invention in to innovation. We conclude that, for lower income countries to improve their success in appropriating the benefits of reverse innovation, innovators and would-be innovators based in those countries need to develop sophistication and prowess in international patenting strategy and intellectual property management tailored to the unique conditions of each country.
In light of the unprecedented growth of the aging population in Hong Kong, coupled with the massive diffusion of information and communication technology (ICT), the issue of the best approach to adopting ICT for solving aging problems has become a hot topic among stakeholders from industry, the academy, government, and elsewhere. Considering that older adults always exhibit a relatively low level of technology usage, product-service systems (PSS) could be an appropriate way of facilitating their acceptance of ICT. However, research on this topic is diverse and fragmented in conception and literature review. It is therefore necessary to conduct a systemic overview of the subject and propose a broader vision of PSS for ICT. This study reviews the recent progress of ICT for aging and its integration of pertinent product-service system as the basis for a roadmap which provides insights into future trends and challenges for the development of ICT-oriented PSS.
For VC-backed startups, their investors – who are also their main stakeholders – play a critical role. Only a limited number of notable contributions regarding in-depth examinations of stakeholders in the turnaround process exist. Several research studies highlight the research gap with regard to stakeholder management in turnaround situations. Due to the small and insufficient body of literature regarding the role of VCCs in turnarounds, I conducted an exploratory, qualitative empirical study based on four comprehensive turnaround cases, interviewing 14 co-founders and investors. Through a grounded theory approach, I developed a turnaround model, which takes into account the VCCs’ involvement. This dissertation shows that the general value-adding services of VCCs are during a turnaround only partially apparent. Moreover, the importance of the agency theory was again confirmed. It became clear how important continuous monitoring is for investors in order to identify problems in a portfolio company. Additionally, the findings show how important a good relationship between all parties involved is and how trust and transparency are essential during a turnaround.
A higher degree of digitalization in new ventures’ product/service offerings and their processes can lead to a faster time to market and the ability to rapidly scale. Hence, it has the possibility to significantly impact the performance. To increase the degree of digitalization in new ventures, they can implement a digital strategy. Currently there is no evidence if this measure has a strong impact on the degree of digitalization. We therefore empirically investigate the influence of a digital strategy on the degree of digitalization in new ventures’ products/services and processes. We analyzed 102 new ventures using SEM. Building on the contingency theory, we show that only having a digital strategy is insufficient to achieve a high degree of digitalization. The digitalization of products/services is partially mediated by digital IT capabilities, and the effect of digital strategy on process digitalization is partially mediated by digital IT capabilities and a digital culture.
This paper addresses one of the challenges of open innovation, namely, the issue of the right to access and exploit technological innovations owned by collaborative partners inside and outside the boundary of research collaboration. Licensing is widely viewed as a solution to this problem. To design appropriate intellectual property licensing provisions in collaboration agreements with partners in complex research projects, project managers need to configure a set of critical intellectual property licensing elements based on consideration of a strategic set of contextual factors. This study is focused primarily on the licensing of patent rights in company-led research collaborations in complex technological industries. Drawing upon literature analysis and practical professional knowledge, we propose a heuristic framework to guide practitioners in deciding whether or not to grant technology licences to collaborators, whether or not to acquire collaborators' technology licences, and also what the scope of the licences should be.
Employees are a very important source of innovation and essential for the generation, dissemination and implementation of these ideas throughout the organization. This is especially relevant when considering innovation in services during service (co-) creation such as within the healthcare sector. However, perceived employee involvement in innovation (EII) and between stakeholder group interactions in hospitals has not yet been studied in detail. This paper addresses the following research questions: “How do different employee groups perceive their involvement in the innovation process in hospitals and how do their actual involvement levels differ?” and (2) “How do different employee groups perceive their interaction with other employee groups in the innovation process and how do their actual interactions differ?” We analyzed a single typical German research hospital and conducted episodic interviews with employees representing different staff groups. We revealed that while all groups of employees are involved in innovation activities, perception of their involvement in innovation activities differs widely. There is a gap between perception and actual involvement particularly for lower level employees such as nurses. Further, their interaction differs among employee groups and innovation takes place in-group, rather than through group interaction. With our paper, we add to the understanding of perceived EII in hospitals and discuss measures for hospital management to increase EII.
“Technological innovation” has become a catch phrase of contemporary policy making for governments, corporations and academic organizations. For many it has become an article of faith that technological innovation is the key to solving energy transition and environmental problems, but the formula for success is not obvious. The phrase “science and technology” rolls off the tongues of energy related policymakers, managers and researchers spontaneously, as if this is the natural order of things, but why is the converse phrase “technology and science” so rarely encountered? The popular view appears to be that energy technology is applied energy science, or that technological change in the field of energy technologies flows naturally from scientific progress. However, what if popular preconceptions about the relationship between science and technology in the energy field are misplaced? This paper addresses the question of the fundamental relationship between technology and science by first analyzing historical cases of two representative energy-conversion technologies, then reviewing pertinent literature from the field of science, technology and society (STS) studies, and finally investigating empirically the nature of the relationship using statistical data analysis. It draws policy-making implications for investment in energy technology and science. We propose the hypothesis of technology-conditioned science as a plausible and credible counterweight to extant commonplace presumptions that science is the precursor of low-carbon energy-conversion technologies.
In this paper we combine insights from two streams of literature within the broad academic domain of strategic management - namely intellectual property management and dynamic capabilities - to advance our understanding of the dynamics of competition and innovation in technology-intensive industries dominated by large companies with highly complex products and businesses, large operational scale, and broad international reach. We argue that a firm's IP management capability ought to be viewed as a dynamic capability, as propounded by Teece et al. (1997) and Teece (2007), and we accordingly propose a generic competition-influenced evolutionary pattern of patent application strategies, embodying three development phases: 1) passive strategy, during the early phase; 2) aggressive strategy, during the growth phase; 3) sophisticated strategy at the maturity phase. We test our ideas through a study of the patenting behaviour of two major competing firms in the commercial aircraft industry.
In this paper we compare the role of outward-bound international patenting in “reverse innovation” and in conventional international modes of innovation. Through analysis of panel data from 148 countries over 18 years we reveal that, while all countries may in principle appropriate economic benefits from endogenous technological innovation by increasing their level of outward-bound international patenting, the ability of a country to do so may be hampered by the pre-existing level of its economy. We classify countries in to four strategic innovation quadrants—Slow Movers, Traders, Inventors and Cosmopolitans—based on the relative change over time in their competitiveness in international patenting and their per capita wealth. The mix of wealthy countries and less wealthy countries varies greatly between quadrants, with the wealthy countries dominating the Cosmopolitans quadrant and the less wealthy countries dominating the Slow Movers quadrant. We conclude that, for lower income countries to improve their success in appropriating the benefits of reverse innovation, innovators and would-be innovators based in those countries need to develop sophistication and prowess in international patenting strategy and intellectual property management tailored to the unique conditions of each country.
Venture capital is an important resource for new ventures with no access to the capital market. However, venture capital companies' investment decisions could be extremely risky. Assessing and managing risk is therefore a major task of venture capital companies. Despite the topic's high practical relevance, there is very little literature in this field. We aim to extend the academic discussion by investigating the risk types and risk assessment in venture capital investments. We analysed more than 500 deal documents of nine German venture capital companies, resulting in 2,452 qualitative quotes. We categorised these quotes into seven risk types, namely financial, market, strategy, technology, production, human capital, and legal risks, implying their relevance during the VC investment process. Market risk and technology risk are mentioned the most in the due diligence and the decision papers. Financial risk with 710 quotes is the most often documented risk considering all venture capital documents.