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Purpose
This study aims to examine ethical behavior in negotiations, specifically focusing on the dynamics between cognitive processes and ethical conduct within negotiation contexts. While prior research has predominantly used rational frameworks to explain unethical behavior, emphasizing profit and self-interest, this work also considers nonrational influences, including intuitive and emotional factors.
Design/methodology/approach
This conceptual study uses dual process theory to explore the interaction between rational (System 2) and intuitive (System 1) thinking in relation to ethical conduct in negotiations. It introduces the cognition-conduct continuum and conceptualizes negotiation trajectories to describe and understand shifts in a negotiator’s ethical behavior.
Findings
Ethical negotiation conduct is influenced by both rational and non-rational factors that change over negotiation stages. The cognition-conduct continuum provides insight into how negotiators transition between ethical and unethical behaviors by following negotiation trajectories such as ethical fading or ethical resurgence.
Research limitations/implications
This study is purely conceptual; while the authors introduce negotiation trajectories as a tool, they do not establish a taxonomy or undertake an empirical analysis of individual trajectories.
Practical implications
The cognition-conduct continuum and the negotiation trajectory concept offer practical insights for negotiation training. By recognizing potential ethical shifts, negotiators can better manage the ethical complexities that arise during negotiations through targeted interventions, potentially enhancing long-term relational and economic outcomes.
Originality/value
This study systematically integrates nonrational factors into negotiation research and introduces the cognition-conduct continuum to capture negotiation dynamics. By conceptualizing trajectories, this study provides a focused framework for analyzing ethical shifts. In addition, this study introduces ethical resurgence as a counterpart to ethical fading, offering insights into what motivates individuals to return to ethical behavior.
An important topic in international business (IB) has recently been the expansion of firms from institutionally and economically less developed countries to more advanced economies [e.g. De Beule, Elia, Piscitello, 2013]. A lot of academic attention has been devoted to the peculiarity of these firms' strategies as compared to traditional multinational enterprises (MNEs). Specifically, the motives of establishing subsidiaries in more advanced contexts have been studied in the past [e.g. Chen, Li, Shapiro, 2012]. Given the surge of upmarket investments, it is the strategic asset-seeking motivation that has recently gained on relevance and, consequently, academic attention [e.g. Luo, Tung, 2007; Buckley et al., 2008]. This asset-augmenting focus, particularly discussed in the context of Chinese firms' foreign expansion through mergers and acquisitions (M&A), can be associated with resource disadvantages related to their status of latecomers to the international economy. However, the evidence on the expansion of firms from post-transition economies from the region of Central Eastern Europe (CEE) into more advanced economies and the ways in which these firms build up legitimacy in order to survive and develop in those markets, still remains scarce [Trąpczyński, Banalieva, 155 2016]. This stays in contrast with the actual relevance of Germany as a host country for Polish investment, whereby it was the second largest destination for FDI outflows in 2019 with EUR 266.4 million [Narodowy Bank Polski, 2020]. From the perspective of institutional theory, the entry of emerging market firms into more advanced markets raises a number of challenges related to achieving legitimacy in the host country and therefore ensuring sustained performance. This chapter aims to explore the methods of building legitimacy by post-transition economy firms in a more advanced economy on the example of Polish firms in Germany, and the considerations are preliminary in nature. (fragment of text)
New Work in der Pflege
(2022)
Beim Deutschen Pflegetag 2022 zeichnete die Präsidentin des Deutschen Pflegerats, Christine Vogler, jüngst mit ihren Worten ein düsteres Bild für die Zukunft der Pflege. Aus ihrer Sicht ließe sich nur durch die Steigerung der Attraktivität des Pflegeberufs dieser düsteren Entwicklung gegensteuern. Jedoch finden die jahrelangen Forderungen nach einer Erhöhung der Attraktivität dieses Berufsbildes keine Beachtung.
Die Frage, wie der Pflegeberuf attraktiver werden kann, erfordert neue und kreative Antworten. Als ein möglicher Lösungsansatz wird das Konzept »New Work« genannt. Dahinter steht die Hypothese, dass mit diesem Ansatz eine Verbesserung von Inhalten und Rahmenbedingungen des Pflegeberufes gelingen kann.
Purpose
Unlike the traditional growth model of emerging markets after economic liberalization, India's inward foreign direct investment (FDI) surged paralleling its strong economic growth in the 2000s, despite the failure to establish a strong secondary sector. This creates an opportunity to deepen the conceptual and contextual understanding of the pivotal mechanisms that impel foreign multinational enterprises to invest into India and provides a natural setting to better understand the nature of its institutional, political and economic environment.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors develop a theory contextualized to Indian inward FDI patterns for the 2000-2017 period. The theoretical framework expands upon received investment motives, with explicit consideration given to the idiosyncrasies of developments in India's recent macro and socioeconomic environment. The authors test the hypotheses using panel data from 134 countries that invested in India, using a Hausman-Taylor estimation.
Findings
The authors find that India's transition toward a knowledge economy attracts asset augmenting rather than asset exploiting FDI. Investors appear to target long-term investments by gaining access to India's digital capabilities, R&D, and growing talent base with a high degree of specialization within analytics, biotechnology, engineering, or pharmaceuticals. Foreign investors do not seem to be notably deterred by infrastructural challenges nor by legal and regulatory restrictions.
Originality/value
By providing a new perspective on India's atheoretical economic development and FDI environment, this study offers a distinct point of comparison with regard to established hypotheses within the extant literature on FDI into emerging markets. Rethinking contemporary investment motive theory by introducing an adapted conceptual framework provides further opportunity to inform the understanding of firm strategies in similar environments.
Earnings management decisions and ineffective monitoring activities have contributed to financial accounting scandals and reduced confidence in firms’ reporting quality among potential investors, lenders and other creditors. The implementation of an effective top management team (TMT) is considered essential in this context. It is well known that top managers have considerable discretion over firms’ financial reporting since they choose whether and how to manage earnings. However, research has yet to establish the relationship between top managers’ diversity attributes and firms’ earnings management levels. Therefore, this study analyses whether and how top managers’ nationality, gender and age diversity are associated with accounting quality. Based on a sample of German DAX 30 listed firms from 2011 to 2018, we found that diversity in TMT nationality and gender have a positive impact on accounting quality. This relationship is context-dependent and negatively moderated by the tenure of the chief financial officer. Our findings provide novel insights on accounting quality for practitioners such as investors, regulators and stock corporations. The implications of this study further advance the academic debate on diversity in TMTs and its effects on earnings management.
This paper aims to shed light on sustainability oriented frugal innovation. We explore how frugal approaches to innovation can be used as affordable and environmentally sustainable alternatives to established water heater systems. Using a descriptive case study approach, two examples of frugal innovators in Brazil are being depicted. We develop a better understanding how frugal approaches to solving similar environmental problems vary between different organisational forms. Moreover, we investigate in which situations a frugal approach to sustainable innovation appears to be suitable. Our findings indicate that distinct approaches to frugal innovation can be pursued developing environmentally sustainable and affordable technology. Comparing a grassroots non-profit organisation to a for-profit corporation, we identify different degrees of relational importance of frugality in environmental sustainability. We show that frugal approaches represent viable alternatives in achieving circular products and that these approaches can contribute to a socially inclusive form of environmentally friendly domestic energy use.
This study investigates the role of organizational learning in financial inclusion in India using qualitative research methods. Financial inclusion refers to the appropriate and affordable access to financial products and services and is targeting the part of the population that is unbanked or underbanked. In India, the government has formulated financial sector goals and policies in the last years to alleviate the situation of that part of the population. The study specifically investigates the private banking sector in India as a key protagonist in implementing those policies. The study finds that private banks operate in an overall context that is beneficial towards organizational learning. It identifies the tension between exploration and exploitation as the core of the organizational learning process in financial inclusion. Areas in which organizational learning occurs are related to products and customers, technology, information processing, monitoring and internal/ external training. In those areas, knowledge creation, transfer and retention drive the development of, e.g., new products, internal processes, and guidelines.
Driven by the adoption of novel technologies, digital transformation has turned into a strategic priority for many firms. In response, the recently introduced role of the Chief Digital Officer (CDO) however, causes dissension regarding its delineation from the Chief Information Officer (CIO). Hence, the present study employs a systematic literature review and analysis to investigate how the tasks and responsibilities, requirements and skills, and the role types of the CDO and CIO differ in the context of digital transformation. A detailed examination of their duties reveals that the CDO focuses almost exclusively on demand-side activities, whereas the CIO is in charge of information systems (IS) supply-side and demand-side tasks. The intersection with the role of the CDO increases as the CIO’s demand-side focus grows. The implications of this study are summarized in a first guideline that supports firms that employ a CIO and consider the appointment of a CDO.