Purpose This systematic literature review (SLR) structures and analyzes the research on female self-initiated expatriates (FSIEs), an under-explored subgroup within expatriation studies. The study identifies key themes and developments and outlines a future research agenda. Design/methodology/approach An SLR of 34 empirical studies was conducted, employing an inductive approach for an in-depth analysis of the articles, utilizing the Gioia methodology to code, review and organize the data systematically. Findings FSIEs choose expatriation to overcome career stagnation and to break glass ceilings in their home countries. They face specific challenges, including gender discrimination and exclusion. Yet, they exhibit powerful coping mechanisms and utilize social, often female, support networks. FSIEs tend to repatriate at higher rates than men, driven by economic and family-related reasons. Originality/value This SLR offers insights into FSIEs’ motivations, adjustment and careers, while calling for future research, inter alia, focusing on long-term career impacts and intersectional approaches to better capture the diverse motivations and experiences of FSIEs. Similarly, we encourage future research to conduct comparative studies between FSIEs, male SIEs and female assigned expatriates, while also utilizing other promising methodological designs, such as diary or multi-level studies.

Purpose This study aims to examine ethical behavior in negotiations, specifically focusing on the dynamics between cognitive processes and ethical conduct within negotiation contexts. While prior research has predominantly used rational frameworks to explain unethical behavior, emphasizing profit and self-interest, this work also considers nonrational influences, including intuitive and emotional factors. Design/methodology/approach This conceptual study uses dual process theory to explore the interaction between rational (System 2) and intuitive (System 1) thinking in relation to ethical conduct in negotiations. It introduces the cognition-conduct continuum and conceptualizes negotiation trajectories to describe and understand shifts in a negotiator’s ethical behavior. Findings Ethical negotiation conduct is influenced by both rational and non-rational factors that change over negotiation stages. The cognition-conduct continuum provides insight into how negotiators transition between ethical and unethical behaviors by following negotiation trajectories such as ethical fading or ethical resurgence. Research limitations/implications This study is purely conceptual; while the authors introduce negotiation trajectories as a tool, they do not establish a taxonomy or undertake an empirical analysis of individual trajectories. Practical implications The cognition-conduct continuum and the negotiation trajectory concept offer practical insights for negotiation training. By recognizing potential ethical shifts, negotiators can better manage the ethical complexities that arise during negotiations through targeted interventions, potentially enhancing long-term relational and economic outcomes. Originality/value This study systematically integrates nonrational factors into negotiation research and introduces the cognition-conduct continuum to capture negotiation dynamics. By conceptualizing trajectories, this study provides a focused framework for analyzing ethical shifts. In addition, this study introduces ethical resurgence as a counterpart to ethical fading, offering insights into what motivates individuals to return to ethical behavior.

Earnout deals are expected to protect acquirers from overpayment as information asymmetries are reduced and the final purchase price is partly based on the future performance of the target. Various scholars have investigated the perception of earnout deals by capital markets revealing significant abnormal returns. Those studies are focused mostly on the Anglo-Saxon countries and China leveraging a pre-COVID datasets. Hence, this study aims at investigating capital market reaction to earnout deals in Continental Europe covering the timeline of 2012 to 2022. Our results indicate that earnout deals in Continental Europe outperform non-earnout deals and are especially beneficial in times of high uncertainty.

The integration of legitimacy in entrepreneurial ecosystem theory is under-researched, resulting in scholarly vagueness about how entrepreneurs acquire resources. Our qualitative study with 31 (co-)founders of startups following the triple bottom line investigates entrepreneurs' daily practices for building legitimacy in entrepreneurial ecosystems. We identify that entrepreneurs follow a sequential process to build legitimacy: 1) engaging and assimilating with culture, 2) establishing and utilizing networks, 3) enhancing visibility, and 4) leveraging the sustainable mission. Following this sequential process builds different levels of legitimacy. Each level grants access to resources from the entrepreneurial ecosystem. We contribute to the scholarly conversation on legitimacy in entrepreneurial ecosystems and provide practical implications for entrepreneurs.

The Future Combat Air System (FCAS), a sixth-generation advanced combat aircraft, is assumed to be the largest European defence development and production programme of the 21st century and a core pillar of European cooperation in the defence sector. The 2017-initiated collaboration programme is led by Germany and France, with Spain and Belgium joining as partners, and is a who-is-who of the largest European defence companies, including Airbus Defence and Space, Thales, Safran, MBDA, and MTU. While such defence programmes have significant military, political, industrial, and economic impacts, the economic dimension in terms of economic costs and benefits is often under-represented in academic discussions. As the FCAS is still a nascent programme, only rough estimates of the total programme cost are available, and assumptions range from €100 bn to more than a trillion. With our research, we aim to contribute to the academic discussion by estimating the true economic costs and benefits of the FCAS. We use a mixed approach of data triangulation by cross-checking open source intelligence (OSINT) with expert interviews to estimate the full programme life-cycle costs. Furthermore, we estimate its economic impact on the European gross value added, employment, and tax by utilising an input – output (IO) model.