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The particular feature of this study is the investigation of effects of pure fluoride- or stannous ions based mouthrinses on the erosion protective properties and the ultrastructure of the in situ pellicle (12 volunteers). Experimental solutions were prepared either from 500 ppm NaF, SMFP, AmF or SnF2 or 1563 ppm SnCl2, respectively. After 1 min of in situ pellicle formation on bovine enamel slabs, rinses with one of the preparations were performed for 1 min and intraoral specimens’ exposure was continued for 28 min. Native enamel slabs and rinses with bidestilled water served as controls. After oral exposure, slabs were incubated in HCl (pH 2; 2.3; 3) for 120 s and kinetics of calcium- and phosphate release were measured photometrically; representative samples were analysed by TEM and EDX. All mouthrinses reduced mineral loss compared to the native 30-min pellicle. The effect was pH-dependent and significant at all pH values only for the tin-containing mouthrinses. No significant differences were observed between the SnF2- and the SnCl2-containing solutions. TEM/EDX confirmed ultrastructural pellicle modifications. SnF2 appears to be the most effective type of fluoride to prevent erosive enamel demineralisation. The observed effects primarily have to be attributed to the stannous ions’ content.
Profiling of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid
(2021)
In saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) soluble factors such as cytokines, chemokines and growth factors have shown a great potential serving as biomarkers for early detection and/or diagnosis of oral and systemic diseases. However, GCF and saliva, which one is a better source is still under debate. This study aimed to gain an overview of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in saliva and GCF to pave the way for selecting suitable oral fluids for oral and systemic diseases. Multiplex cytokine assay was conducted to determine concentrations of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in saliva and GCF samples from healthy subjects. The protocol for sample collection was carefully optimized. Stabilization, repeatability, and donor variation of the profiles were analyzed. We found that for different donors, cytokine and chemokine profiles showed unique patterns in saliva but similar patterns in GCF. In terms of growth factors, the profiles were individualized in saliva and GCF. All profiles stayed stable for the same healthy individual. In saliva, profiles of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors are individualized for different donors. In GCF, profiles of cytokines and chemokines are similar. Other factors, such as growth factors and T helper-related cytokines, are highly variable in donors. Profiles of soluble factors are not correlated in saliva and GCF. The comprehensive cytokine profiles in saliva and GCF reported in this work would serve as a good base for choosing promising cytokines for developing biomarkers in oral fluids.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have a wide range of applications in several industrial and biomedical domains. Based on the evidence, the workers exposed to inhaled nanosized TiO2 powder are more susceptible to the risks of developing respiratory diseases. Accordingly, this issue has increasingly attracted the researchers’ interest in understanding the consequences of TiO2 NPs exposure. Regarding this, the present study was conducted to analyze the local effects of TiO2 NPs on allergic airway inflammation and their uptake in a mouse model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic airway inflammation.
